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SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit) is a cryptographic hashing algorithm that is used to create digital fingerprints (hashes) of data. It takes an input block of data of arbitrary length and transforms it into a hash of fixed length of 256 bits.

The SHA-256 function is used for ensuring data security and digital signature, for example, in e-commerce systems, blockchain technology, and other cryptographic protocols. Hashes created using SHA-256 are unique for each block of data and it is impossible to obtain the original data from the hash. Moreover, even a slight change in the original data leads to a significant change in the hash, making SHA-256 a reliable means of protecting information from unauthorized access and tampering.

SHA-0 (Secure Hash Algorithm 0) is the original version of the SHA family of cryptographic hashing algorithms, which was published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1993. However, it was later found to have significant weaknesses and was quickly replaced by the more secure SHA-1 algorithm.

SHA-0 operates on a 512-bit message block and produces a 160-bit hash value. It uses the Merkle-Damgård construction, which is a widely used method for constructing cryptographic hash functions. Despite its weaknesses, SHA-0 served as the basis for the development of the more secure SHA-1 algorithm.

Since SHA-0 is no longer considered secure, it should not be used for any cryptographic purposes. It has been officially deprecated by NIST and has been removed from many cryptographic libraries and protocols.